Engineering an Empire_ part 9 &10

Engineering an Empire_ part 7 & 8

to be continue

Engineering an Empire _ part 5 & 6

to be continue

Engineering an Empire _ part 3 & 4

to be continue

Engineering an Empire _ part 1 & 2

Egypt




Documentary that profiles the engineering feats of the Egyptians some 5000 years ago



 
 
 
 



















to be continue

abu simbel temple

The phenomenon of perpendicular rays of the sun on the The Great Temple Abu Simbel

The Temple of Abu Simbel is the largest temple carved into the rock in the world, is a verse in the ancient architecture and engineering. The carving in a piece of rock on the west bank of the Nile in a position very beautiful. It is difficult to imagine why there are such huge buildings in a remote area in the country, and therefore two explanations: either the Tel Abu Simbel his sanctity, or that the Pharaoh wanted to impress the neighbors in the area near the Second Cataract Verehm strength and richness.

There is evidence that the origins of the idea in the construction of a temple in Abu Simbel was Seti I do not doubt that much of the interior had been carved before becoming Ramses II throne but to the extent to which the Seti  is responsible for the final form, particularly the interface that's what we do not know. As usual, not because of any preferred Ramses his predecessors.

The prisoners of war by the construction of the temple and finished their work before the year 1259 BC. and had been dedicated to the worship of "Ra'a," such as several temples in Nubia. This machine has been merged with the sun and usually portrays the human body and falcon head wearing a sun disk, and the purpose of the temple and place of worship is the sun

 

The most important features and front of the temple within the four large statues of the king carved in rock hill. And these statues are seated, two on each side of the entrance rise by more than 65 feet and represent King Ramses wearing the double crown of Egypt, and every statue and between the legs, we find statues of Queen Nefertari, "pretty ugly" and some children royal Although they appeared in large scale but their shape seems to small for the statues of luxury. Each of the four groups stand on a high base, inscribed with the cartouche of Ramses and a group of prisoners Asians and Negroes.

 

The thrones shaped box that sits by the statues were carved groups of conventional representing the union of earthly and the interface that is the rear view of the statues of the four were carved in the form, said a Cornish engraved with a row of monkeys raised arms to the top of the form of a statue of the sun god "Ra'a "a head falcon, which has been designated the temple.

 

And connected to the entrance to the lobby of a large by two rows of four columns square lean by huge statues of the king, standing wearing the double crown and carrying a stick and the mace has been covered with columns and walls of the lobby, which reached a height of 30 feet scenes and religious texts and the work of the King of war in their struggle against the Hittites in Syria and Kush in Sudan, The the ceiling is decorated with scenes conventional nozzle and punishment with a wing Almmdodin.

And connected to the entrance to the lobby of a large by two rows of four columns square lean by huge statues of the king, standing wearing the double crown and carrying a stick and the mace has been covered with columns and walls of the lobby, which reached a height of 30 feet scenes and religious texts and the work of the King of war in their struggle against the Hittites in Syria and Kush in Sudan, The The ceiling is decorated with scenes conventional nozzle and punishment with a wing lying

We find in the northern and western walls entrances lead to a set of rooms was often used as repositories for the priests Fmnazer walls are all religious.

East front of the door on the western wall Viousel to the lobby of his bishop, carrying a small square Viousel four columns to the lobby carrying a small square bishop four columns and landscape, all in the lobby of a religious nature. And up next to a small room reached to the Holy of Holies, which contains three sections in the western wall of two on both sides of the Dar Touselan into classrooms is carved and the Central and based on the axis of the temple straight and had identified the Holy of Holies, in the west wall of the Holy of Holies, we find four statues sitting carved into the rock, Hur, and the statues of Ptah, and Ramesses II himself with the god of the sun god Amun-Re, in the middle of the room, we find them offering table is carved and the victims and sacrifices made when it was bright sunlight enters after dawn.

The most important feature of this temple from the other temples of the ancient Egyptians to enter the sun in the early morning to the Holy of Holies and access to the four statues, Vtdi this place deep in the rock and away from the entrance about sixty meters. In 1874 the unexplored Miss Amelia Eduarz and the team facilities in the monitoring of this phenomenon and recorded in her book published in 1899 (thousand miles on the Nile) as follows: become statues of the Holy of Holies, high-impact and surrounded by a halo beautiful prestige and dignity at sunrise and fall of the rays it, if the footage did not observe the fall of the sun this doubt in the carefully measured a strong impact as astronomy and mathematics at the ancient Egyptian, as accurately and directed towards a certain angle so that these rays fall on the faces of the four statues.

In the sixth hour and twenty-five minutes on 21 or Golden or five o'clock and fifty-five minutes on October 21 of just about every year sneak Sunbeam soft paper like a revelation down over the face of King Ramses, embraced and accepted, a flood of light filled portrayed the Pharaoh in his room in the Holy of Holies in the heart of the temple solemn, a sense of awe and fear, thrill lightly shake the heart, as if the beam had held your shaking your depths strongly magical immersive, magical as any ambiguity shake your identity and you live for the moments of a miracle, and then multiply Sunbeam fast component beam of light shining the faces of the four statues in the Holy of Holies.

Is it not strange really not change the accounts priests, engineers, artists and men of Egyptian astronomy through the journey length of time over three thousand and three hundred years.

It is known that as a result of the movement true to the earth's rotation in a nearly circular orbit around the sun, it followed the movement of virtual to the rotation of the sun on the so-called circuit zodiac revealed a circle inclined by 23.5 degrees on what he calls the astronomers circle celestial equator, so the sun movement daily for the place that shines from on the horizon, it rises from the direction of true east on 21 March and 23 September each year and are the beginning of spring and autumn.

In the spring and summer, it rises from the east with the deviation of a few degrees to the north where the value of this deviation maximum on June 21 in the amount of 23.5 degrees from the north, while in autumn and winter, it rises from the east with the deviation of a few degrees to the south where the value of this deviation can be as much as on December 21 in the amount of 23.5 degrees to the south .. Thus, if there is a long corridor on the horizon and closed to the west, the sun lying directly on the wall will be closed twice a year, if it was the focus of this corridor to the east or deviant about the north or the south at an angle 23.5 degrees maximum.

Therefore, entry of the sun temple at Abu Simbel twice a year and Tamayora the statues of the four holy of holies This is normal because the degree of deviation from the true east is ten and a half degrees to the south.

But the miracle remains .. If the sun perpendicular on willingly and deliberately before a specific sculpture .. Because that would require full knowledge of the origins of astronomy .. And many accounts to determine the angle of deviation of the axis of the temple on the Middle .. Next miracle in architecture to be a straight axis for a distance of more than sixty meters in particular that the temple carved into the rock?! .

 

It was said that on 21 February and 21 October are rejoicing the birth of Ramses II sit on the throne .. With that there is no historical reference to confirm or even refers to this statement.

Confirms our question this .. References to statements by some that there is evidence that the origins of the idea in the construction of a temple in Abu Simbel was Seti I, and a large part of the home had been carved before taking the throne, Ramses II.

I believe that these two days the beginning of the planting season when the ancient Egyptians (21 October) after the retreat of the flood water that was flooding and all the arable land and the beginning of the harvest season (February 21) for some crops that can eat a green Kalpsal and green beans. They are undoubtedly two days are important in human life when the ancient Egyptian land were cultivated once a year for the irrigation system Balehiad

This was confirmed to believe what he wrote, "I Kitchen" at the beginning of chapter IV of the book (the Pharaoh Ramses II of glory and victory), that is almost, the sun on 27 of June, the third (early June 1279 BC) to announce the coronation of King Ramses II, after the death of his father King Seti the First.

We turn now to the report of the geological from the temple which was prepared by the Office of the Consultant France at the request of UNESCO and the Egyptian government and released in Paris in October 1960, the report says in Chapter III of Part XII reads: There is a strong likelihood that the center of the great temple in Abu Simbel was not chosen deliberately by Architects and engineers of the ancient Egyptians, but it imposed on them as a result of geological structures within the rock, as the report states that this is not the only case, but that the focus of HATOR Temple of the Goddess of Love and Beauty at the ancient Egyptians imposed on the ancient architects, also for reasons relating to geology veined rock.

It was the Sun is a god first at the ancient Egyptians, and was the sun, "Ra'a" is the greatest gods, they have set up a temple and tied it named names and took the city of the sun the center of worship, and the purpose of carving temple of Abu Simbel in a rocky mountain in a place flung sacred to them, is the worship of the sun at sunrise. Therefore, since the era before the construction of the Pyramids The ancient Egyptians interested in tracking the movement of the sun between stars and monitored carefully regular basis.

It highlights evidence on the accuracy of their observations and others previously in the monitoring and study the movements of celestial bodies in-depth study based on Meteorological minutes regularly, and knowing the fundamentals of mathematics:

First: they used a calendar astronomically perfect from the ancient times have taken a year asterisk as the basic unit for measuring time, and measured the length of 365.25 on the phenomenon of combustion Shrooqi Sirius Alemnip This was happening at the time of the Nile flood, and show inscriptions that they knew that before building the pyramids, and created a calendar year, divided to twelve months of thirty days each plus five at the end of the year where festivals are held harmed. The contemporaries of the Romans, Greeks and Assyrians were caught in attempts to link early months of the lunar month with the early civilization. And this tells us that they are cursed to study movement of the sun virtual center of the fixed stars since ancient times and derive from that stellar throughout the year and not in this to call it strange that the sun was the most important idols

Second: The building of the pyramids as tombs for kings because of their belief in the resurrection. Notes in the building of the pyramids when they were built 30 5 latitude north on the edge of the rock level and not in the middle, and sides of the rules apply with the original directions to the nearest five minutes arc new machinery. Equally sides to the nearest twenty centimeters, as well as the pathways italics apply to the level of the meridian, and the shining sun in seven months, half before and half after the summer solstice the four facets when the meridian, have concluded that some astronomers now have corridors of the Interior was used machines meridian to observe stars and the light Sirius was vertically on the southern side of the Great Pyramid in 2700 BC.

Tells us the precision in determining the trends and positioning Besaoptha as measured at the present time the use of modern equipment to the Egyptian priests, who were supervising the builders of the pyramids to be and that they used the astronomical observations in the set.

And monuments that show their attention to study celestial zodiac celebrity photos sweetened the roof Dandara and now in the Louvre in Paris and the inscriptions on the walls showing the hours of day and night and phases of the Moon and the path of the sun among the stars.

We have tailored a program for computer and fed with data and astronomical data, geographic, topographic and be credited to the corners of the rising sun above the horizon named Heaven (horizontal) of the temple of Abu Simbel each day throughout the year, as well as calculate the angles of horizontal to the sun shining at the latitude of different ancient Egypt, the beginning of the line width of 20 degree to 35 degrees.

It was clear from the accounts that the difference angle horizontal to the sun bright in the days of parity on February 21 and 21 October to narrow as we head south, it is Memphis 9.2 min arc and Taib 7.5 minutes arc, which may indicate that the choice of the temple in the south may be, see the reasons for astronomical and architectural side of the sanctity of the place, The horizontal angle is the angle of the sun from the north geographic measured toward the east, a corner that should apply exactly the direction of axis of the temple on February 21 and 21 October in order to be the phenomenon of radiation perpendicular to the Holy of Holies at sunrise. As the angle of axis of the temple from the north geographic is one hundred degrees and thirty-three minutes arc and thirty-three arc seconds as measured in the direction of the Middle East before the temple was moved to the top of the plateau during the sixties of this century to save it from sinking under the waters of the High Dam Lake, as it should be noted that the relocation of the temple and then re-installed was meticulously engineered to be considered in accordance with architectural unprecedented.

As evidenced by the accounts that the sun is supposed to shine on the Temple of Abu Simbel on February 21 at the sixth and twenty-two minutes if there is no eyebrow Typography on the horizon to the east.

But it is established that the phenomenon occurs at six and six and twenty minutes, and when they match the angle horizontal to the sun with an angle towards the axis of the temple just as it was during this overage minutes the sun rose above the horizon by 34 min arc and became the hills on the eastern side of the Nile do not mask the arrival of rays Temple of the Holy of Holies. There is thus a relationship between the high hills to the east and the angle of the direction of axis of the temple.

This conclusion is so evident that the direction of axis of the temple was chosen meticulously pre-determined before the sculpture to the phenomenon of perpendicular rays of the sun on the Holy of Holies, on 21 February and 21 October every year and the calculations carried out on the basis of the assets of astronomy, geography, topography and sports sound almost three thousand and three hundred years.

We now return to on 21 February and 21 October uncertainty in the significance of each of them are two that are identical in angles horizontal to the sun shining at Abu Simbel, and we would like to say that there are days replica such as on 22 February to 20 October, and that the differences in angle horizontal to the sun shining between these the last four days does not exceed twenty minutes arc is likely to be the last four days have significance in ancient Egyptian history, the possibility of side core and two days February 21 and 21 October.

We would also like to say that the axis of the temple before being transferred to the top of the plateau is not necessarily exactly the same trend in the years of construction of the temple for three thousand three hundred years, where can this trend may have changed by no more than with twenty minutes arc for reasons astronomical They change the Geographical North result of the cycle star Arctic true land of the session of each twenty-two thousand years, especially since the Meteorological astronomers of the ancient Egyptians were accredited to monitor the star the Arctic, and this is not the crux of the matter Statute, since studies have shown that this effect is small, but the impact of the stronger is the movement of the earth's crust in Egypt as a result of shifts in continents and this has been demonstrated in studies modern geophysical measurement of gravitational ground on the High Dam Lake, as well as studies of modern space using lasers to monitor the satellite for use in the area of geodesy, and the area around the High Dam Lake has the activity of earthquake in ancient times as a result of Faulting Kalabsha natural there has been an earthquake in 1210 BC, led to a shattered one of the four statues on the front temple during the reign of the Second City, where he is the king restored the first statues located on the north gate, which started by some signs of damage.

We would also like to point out also that the sides of the bases of the pyramids apply with the trends of origin to the nearest five minutes arc new machinery, as mentioned above, there is a Recent research indicates that this difference very small no more than five minutes arc not the result of a defect in construction or the fault of The ancient architects, but the result of the movements of the earth's crust in Lower Egypt, and that these movements in the crust of the largest land of Upper Egypt.

The Great Temple Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel temples are two massive rock temples in Nubia, southern Egypt on the western bank of Lake Nasser about 290 km southwest of Aswan. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments,"[1] which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan).

The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh, and to intimidate his Nubian neighbors. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in the 1960s, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir.

The relocation of the temples was necessary to avoid their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Abu Simbel remains one of Egypt's top tourist attractions.

 

 

Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1244 BC and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 BC. Known as the "Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun," it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses II. Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbors, and also to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region. Historians say that the design of Abu Simbel expresses a bit of ego and pride in Ramesses II.

 

 

With the passage of time, the temples fell into disuse and eventually became covered by sand. Already in the 6th century BC, the sand covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees. The temple was forgotten until 1813, when Swiss orientalist JL Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple. Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni Belzoni, who travelled to the site, but was unable to dig out an entry to the temple. Belzoni returned in 1817, this time succeeding in his attempt to enter the complex. He took everything valuable and portable with him. Tour guides at the site relate the legend that "Abu Simbel" was a young local boy who guided these early re-discoverers to the site of the buried temple which he had seen from time to time in the shifting sands. Eventually, they named the complex after him: Abu Simbel

 

In 1959 an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam.

The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964, and cost some USD $40 million. Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons averaging 20 tons), dismantled and reassembled in a new location– 65 m higher and 200 m back from the river, in what many[who?] consider one of the greatest feats of archaeological engineering. Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser. Today, thousands of tourists visit the temples daily. Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan, the nearest city. Many visitors also arrive by plane, at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex.

The complex consists of two temples. The larger one is dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, Egypt's three state deities of the time, and features four large statues of Ramesses II in the facade. The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess Hathor, personified by Nefertari, Ramesses's most beloved wife (in total, the pharaoh had some 200 wives and concubines).[citation needed] The temple is now open to the public

 

Abu_Simbel_relocation

 

 

The Great Temple at Abu Simbel, which took about twenty years to build, was completed around year 24 of the reign of Rameses the Great (which corresponds to 1265 BCE). It was dedicated to the gods Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah, as well as to the deified Rameses himself.[2] It is generally considered the grandest and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of Rameses II, and one of the most beautiful in Egypt.

Four colossal 20 meter statues of the pharaoh with the double Atef crown of Upper and Lower Egypt decorate the facade of the temple, which is 35 meters wide and is topped by a frieze with 22 baboons, worshippers of the sun and flank the entrance.[3] The colossal statues were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was located before it was moved. All statues represent Ramesses II, seated on a throne and wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. The statue to the left of the entrance was damaged in an earthquake, leaving only the lower part of the statue still intact. The head and torso can still be seen at the statue's feet.

Next to the legs of the colossi, there are other statues no higher than the knees of the pharaoh.[2] These depict Nefertari, Ramesses's chief wife, and queen mother Mut-Tuy, his first two sons Amun-her-khepeshef, Ramesses, and his first six daughters Bintanath, Baketmut, Nefertari, Meritamen, Nebettawy and Isetnofret.

The entrance itself is crowned by a bas-relief representing two images of the king worshiping the falcon-headed Ra Harakhti, whose statue stands in a large niche.[2] This god is holding the hieroglyph user in his right hand and a feather while Ma'at, (the goddess of truth and justice) in on his left; this is nothing less than a gigantic cryptogram for Ramesses II's throne name, User-Maat-Re. The facade is topped by a row of 22 baboons, their arms raised in the air, supposedly worshipping the rising sun. Another notable feature of the facade is a stele which records the marriage of Ramesses with a daughter of king Hattusili III, which sealed the peace between Egypt and the Hittites.

 

The inner part of the temple has the same triangular layout that most ancient Egyptian temples follow, with rooms decreasing in size from the entrance to the sanctuary. The temple is complex in structure and quite unusual because of its many side chambers. The hypostyle hall (sometimes also called pronaos) is 18 meters long and 16,7 meters wide and is supported by eight huge Osirid pillars depicting the deified Ramses linked to the god Osiris, the god of the Underworld, to indicate the everlasting nature of the pharaoh. The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt, while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt(pschent).[2] The bas-reliefs on the walls of the pronaos depict battle scenes in the military campaigns the ruler waged. Much of the sculpture is given to the Battle of Kadesh, on the Orontes river in present-day Syria, in which the Egyptian king fought against the Hittites.[3] The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies, who are being taken prisoner.[3] Other scenes show Egyptian victories in Libya and Nubia.[2]

From the hypostyle hall, one enters the second pillared hall, which has four pillars decorated with beautiful scenes of offerings to the gods. There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Harakhti. This hall gives access to a transverse vestibule in the middle of which is the entrance to the sanctuary. Here, on a black wall, are rock cut sculptures of four seated figures: Ra-Horakhty, the deified king Ramesses, and the gods Amun Ra and Ptah. Ra-Horakhty, Amun Ra and Ptah were the main divinities in that period and their cult centers were at Heliopolis, Thebes and Memphis respectively.[2]

The axis of the temple was positioned by the ancient Egyptian architects in such a way that twice a year, on October 20 and February 20, the rays of the sun would penetrate the sanctuary and illuminate the sculpture on the back wall, except for the statue of Ptah, the god connected with the Underworld, who always remained in the dark.[2][3] These dates are allegedly the king's birthday and coronation day respectively, but there is no evidence to support this, though it is quite logical to assume that these dates had some relation to a great event, such as the jubilee celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the pharaoh's rule. In fact, according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius (Sothis) and inscriptions found by archaeologists, this date must have been October 22. This image of the king was enhanced and revitalized by the energy of the solar star, and the deified Ramesses Great could take his place next to Amun Ra and Ra-Horakhty.[2]

Due to the displacement of the temple, it is widely believed that this event now occurs one day later than it did originally

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Small Temple

The temple of Hathor and Nefertari, also known as the Small Temple, was built about one hundred meters northeast of the temple of Ramesses II and was dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Ramesses II's chief consort, Nefertari. This was in fact the second time in ancient Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a queen. The first time, Akhenaten dedicated a temple to his great royal wife, Nefertiti. [2] The rock-cut facade is decorated with two groups of colossi that are separated by the large gateway. The statues, slightly more than ten meters high, are of the king and his queen. On the other side of the portal are two statues of the king, wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt (south colossus) and the double crown (north colossus); these are flanked by statues of the queen and the king. What is truly surprising is that for the only time in Egyptian art, the statues of the king and his consort are equal in size.[2]

Traditionally, the statues of the queens stood next to those of the pharaoh, but were never taller than his knees. This exception to such a long standing rule bears witness to the special importance attached to Nefertari by Ramesses, who went to Abu Simbel with his beloved wife in the 24th year of his reign. As the Great Temple of the king, there are small statues of princes and princesses next to their parents. In this case they are positioned symmetrically: on the south side (at left as you face the gateway) are, from left to right, princes Meryatum and Meryre, princesses Meritamen and Henuttawy, and princes Rahirwenemef and Amun-her-khepeshef, while on the north side the same figures are in reverse order. The plan of the Small Temple is a simplified version of that of the Great Temple.

The gods Set (left) and Horus (right) adoring Ramesses in the small temple at Abu SimbelAs the larger temple dedicated to the king, the hypostyle hall or pronaos is supported by six pillars; in this case, however, they are not Osirid pillars depicting the king, but are decorated with scenes with the queen playing the sinistrum (an instrument sacred to the goddess Hathor), together with the gods Horus, Khnum, Khonsu, and Thoth, and the goddesses Hathor, Isis, Maat, Mut of Asher, Satis and Taweret; in one scene Ramesses is presenting flowers or burning incense.[2] The capitals of the pillars bear the face of the goddess Hathor; this type of column is known as Hathoric. The bas-reliefs in the pillared hall illustrate the deification of the king, the destruction of his enemies in the north and south (in this scenes the king is accompanied by his wife), and the queen making offerings to the goddess Hathor and Mut.[3] The hypostyle hall is followed by a vestibule, access to which is given by three large doors. On the south and the north walls of this chamber there are two graceful and poetic bas-reliefs of the king and his consort presenting papyrus plants to Hathor, who is depicted as a cow on a boat sailing in a thicket of papyri. On the west wall, Ramesses II and Nefertari are depicted making offerings to god Horus and the divinities of the Cataracts — Satis, Anubis and Khnum.

The rock cut sanctuary and the two side chambers are connected to the transverse vestibule and are aligned with the axis of the temple. The bas-reliefs on the side walls of the small sanctuary represent scenes of offerings to various gods made either by the pharaoh or the queen.[2] On the back wall, which lies to the west along the axis of the temple, there is a niche in which Hathor, as a divine cow, seems to be coming out of the mountain: the goddess is depicted as the Mistress of the temple dedicated to her and to queen Nefertari, who is intimately linked to the goddess.[2]

Each temple has its own priest that represents the king in daily religious ceremonies. In theory, the Pharaoh should be the only celebrant in daily religious ceremonies performed in different temples throughout Egypt. In reality, the high priest also played that role. To reach that position, an extensive education in art and science was necessary, like the one pharaoh had. Reading, writing, engineering, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, space measurement, time calculations, were all part of this learning. The priests of Heliopolis, for example, became guardians of sacred knowledge and earned the reputation of wise men

Save temples

These were threatened with flooding Almabadan like other similar temples in Nubia, when you create the High Dam. And began thinking in 1955 in saving the temples, and put in in 1958 «Project to save the

monuments of Nubia» In 1959, there were several solutions to protect temples

In 1960 and drew an appeal by UNESCO for everyone interested in the world to participate in the rescue. In 1963 the government adopted the Egyptian authorities, UNESCO and the method of cutting on temples and transferred to the current whereabouts on Mount Abu Simbel to a height of 65 m above the previous level. And began the work in the same year and was attended by nearly fifty countries and with UNESCO,

the Archaeological

After the lifting of the engineering and Photography, Alfoturamitri, complete all kinds of authentication, was the elimination of approximately 150 thousand cubic meters of rock from above the temples, and then began

publication of stones weighing 10-15 tons each piece, and was later restored to its new location

And installed again and injected carefully and concluded that work in 1966, work began on a high-tech for the restructuring of the mountain above the temples, they made up the great temple dome concrete unique diameter of 59 m and above the small temple dome is equivalent to half the first, and then covered with rocks as they were before

Groups and then processed with the latest methods for measuring temperature, humidity and safety from shocks and disasters and provide lighting and other measures that have made the work a summit in accuracy and technical and deep respect for Abdp as a treasure of humanity as well as the value of nationalism. The work was completed in 1968, became the site of Abu Simbel tourist center of the first class, includes power plant for electricity and plant to filter water, hotels, clubs and institutions, official and otherwise, and temples carrying out now on the shore of Lake Nasser, facing the sun that shines on them every morning.

Ancient Egypt 2

The Nile River,

which revolves around ancient Egyptian civilization stems from the highlands of Ethiopia over eastern Africa and the sources of the Nile in southern Sudan, traveling from north Sudan to Egypt for the flood comes every year to feed the soil with clay.

 This phenomenon is natural flood made Egypt's economy is growing renewable dependent mainly on agriculture.

It helped at the emergence of civilization is also free sky of

clouds and sunshine supervising almost throughout the year to extend the ancient Egyptians warmth and light

Egypt is also protected from neighbors deserts to the West and the sea from the north and east, and the presence of waterfalls (the cataract) in the south of heart on the Nile, making it a semi-derelict land. In this land back two of the seven wonders of the world.

The three pyramids at Giza and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

The NAPTA was the oldest archaeological site of pocket. The years since 6000 a grazing area by the summer rains fall grazing livestock, even since 4899 years ago when it declined by rain.

 Discovered by the stone circles in the region has Scanbp communities, including village was fed by 18 wells of water under the surface of tiles Mijuleci build a large statue of a cow sculpture looks like a big rock.

 The village consists of 18 houses and the cemetery where many of the cattle were found on structures in the rooms of the mud.

This indicates that the population they worship cows.

Found stoves were used. And bones of deer and hares and earthenware pottery and decorated ostrich egg shells.

 But does not have a landfill or waste in the human NAPTA.

This indicates that the nomads were free to come to the plant every summer, where water and pasture.

And marriage, trade and the establishment of religious rituals

n the field of astronomy, we find that the ancient Egyptians had set up oldest observatory in the world and before the era of building the pyramids since the period of time by the sun and the stars, where they set up gravestones  Megaliths. It is a circle of stone erected since 7000 in the desert in southern Egypt. Megalithsbefore the establishment of sites in England, Britain and Europe a thousand years as a famous Stonehenge.

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North Africa,
concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern state of Egypt.
The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh,
and it developed over the next three millennia.
Its history occurred in a series of comparatively stable periods,
labeled by scholars today as Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods.
Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during what is today called the New Kingdom, after which it entered a period of slow, steady decline.
Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt and made it a province.
The success of ancient Egyptian civilization stemmed partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley.
The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture.
With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions,
the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.

About the ancient Egyptian civilization

Civilization of the ancient Egyptians or the Pharaonic civilization is a civilization which, in Egypt under the pharaohs of different families since the dawn of history until the Roman invasion of Egypt over 3000 years


Were not the civilization of ancient Egyptian civilization at the age of lapse of time. Because their civilization was their characteristics individually cultural and monumental achievements and originality. This is what gave it credibility originality among all civilizations. Or making it the undisputed world civilizations. This civilization is temporary and more impressed and renowned among ancient civilizations. The civilization of the ancient Egyptians along the Nile River in northeastern Africa since 5000 BC. To the year 30 BC. It is the longest continuity of the ancient world civilization, and ancient Egyptian civilization mean in terms of geography that civilization, which originated in the valley and the Nile Delta, where he lived the ancient Egyptians. It is the cultural aspect refers to the language and culture and customs of worship and organization of their lives and run their lives and their perception of the administrative and the nature around them and their dealings with their neighbors are the first people to take permission cats